Thousands of plants make up the botanical world, each with an extraordinary story to tell. Whether rooted in a teeming forest or urban metropolis, every plant has its own rich history, and journey of how it came to be here.
At PoliNations, you&rsquo;ll find nine Iconic Plants highlighted and celebrated across our site. Their stories, like ours, are diverse. These stories are reflected across our creative programme in music, text, poetry and in physical form through sculptures positioned throughout the PoliNations super garden in Victoria Square, Birmingham.
Have a look at the PoliNations Iconic Plant zine, a collection of poems, illustrations and origin stories of iconic plants from around the world. Designed and produced by <a title="" href="https://outoftheblueprint.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Out of the Blueprint</a>, a social enterprise in Edinburgh Scotland.

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PoliNations Iconic Plants Zine

Why Iconic Plants?

Apple

Pansy

Willow

Amaranth

Lavender

Fern

Tulip

Rose

Impact

The city centre bloomed into a vibrant living oasis filled with thousands of plants and brought to life through free garden tours, audio baths, live music and light shows, costume design workshops, sensory experiences, poetry and performance and more!

Birmingham

Iconic Plant Apple Voiceover with Music Composition

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The primary ancestor of all the apples that we eat is the wild apple tree native to the forested slopes of Tian Shan, or &lsquo;heavenly mountains&rsquo; of eastern Kazakhstan.

Origins

There is enormous diversity in the size and shape of wild apple trees, many of which are surprisingly, and inconveniently, tall. Occasional large, sweet apples with delicious tastes of honey, aniseed or nuts grow unpredictably, right next to small, mouth-puckering fruit on neighbouring branches.

The Apple make-up

Apples were probably first domesticated in this area between five and ten thousand years ago. Travellers brought the tastiest fruit westwards along the silk route, tossing their cores as they went. so that the seeds were carried far. &nbsp;However, the fruit from those trees would still have been awkwardly out of reach and inconsistently sweet or sour.
Then, possibly in Mesopotamia but at the latest by 300 BC in classical Greece, the technique of grafting was developed. Grafting cuttings from a tree with desirable fruit onto &lsquo;dwarf&rsquo; rootstocks from smaller trees made it possible to reliably reproduce any deliciousness that nature had chanced upon and at the same time to create trees that were small enough to pick from.
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Travelling thousands of miles and across 3 continents

Over the centuries, apples have been repeatedly bred for flavour and size, creating hundreds of gloriously diverse varieties. But sadly, global agriculture has recently focused on just a few of these and the apple&rsquo;s genetic diversity has been whittled away.
The problem is that when we need new traits &ndash; such as disease resistance without the need for expensive or unpleasant pesticides, or new flavours, or longer storage, or later ripening, or drought tolerance, or any one of a thousand others &ndash; then the genes that might give apple trees these characteristics just aren&rsquo;t there anymore. That's why the wild relatives of our modern apples are vital &ndash; it is the trees on central Asian hillsides that contain the genetic information that has been lost, and from which we need to breed again.

Bearing fruit

Want to delve deeper into the world of trees and plants?
Check out author Jon Drori's beautifully illustrated works, Around the World in 80 Trees and Around the World in 80 Plants - intertwining botany with history, culture and folklore. Both are available from all booksellers or <a href="https://bit.ly/JonDroriBooks">via Jon&rsquo;s website</a>. Jon has very kindly offered a 25% discount with the voucher code 80JONDRORI.
Listen to original music by Petter Grevelius, alongside spoken text by Jon Drori created in response to the Apple, Iconic Plant and commissioned especially for PoliNations. Narration by Jade Samuels. To listen to the music by itself. click the link further up the page.&nbsp;
Illustrations by Lucille Clerc.
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Iconic Plant Pansy Voiceover with Music Composition

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The familiar, showy modern pansy was first bred in the mid-19th century, principally from the wild pansy, or 'heartsease', a jaunty interloper in European grain fields. In Roman folklore, one of Cupid's mistimed arrows hit one of these wild pansies, bestowing on them the mythical ability to induce love. In Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, the King of the Fairies squeezes juice from the flower onto Titania's eyes while she slept, so that she would fall in love with the ass-headed Bottom.

Everyone knows a pansy. Cheerfully dishevelled members of the violet family, they are queens of the window box and the cool herbaceous border. Seldom above ankle-height, pansies are known for their floppy five-petalled flowers, each the size of a child's hand and with a signature dark central blotch. Their velvet nap intensifies the petals' colours and repels raindrops, causing them to sputter and sparkle.

The pansy make up

Possibly because of its resonance with the word 'nancy', which had been used since the 17th century to describe 'effeminate' men, in the 1920s 'pansy' began to be used as an insult towards men who were flamboyantly gay.
Occasionally the term was used in a more positive light within the gay community itself and in the last decade, the flowers themselves have come to symbolise plucky, showy diversity of gender and sexuality more generally. It seems so fitting that pansy flowers, which are edible, add splashes of welcome colour to a salad that might otherwise be uniformly green and humdrum.

Reclaiming the pansy

Some pansies have been bred to be white and purple, colours which alongside the green of the stems were adopted in the early 20th century by women campaigning for the right to vote. Recently, pansy badges and brooches in those colours have been worn to celebrate the suffragette movement.

Protest

Want to delve deeper into the world of trees and plants?
Check out author Jon Drori's beautifully illustrated works,&nbsp;Around the World in 80 Trees&nbsp;and&nbsp;Around the World in 80 Plants&nbsp;- intertwining botany with history, culture and folklore. Both are available from all booksellers or&nbsp;<a href="https://bit.ly/JonDroriBooks">via Jon&rsquo;s website</a>. Jon has very kindly offered a 25% discount with the voucher code 80JONDRORI.
Listen to original music by Meesha Fones, alongside spoken text by Jon Drori created in response to the Pansy, Iconic Plant and commissioned especially for PoliNations. Narration by Jade Samuels. To listen to the music by itself. click the link further up the page.&nbsp;

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Iconic Plant Willow Voiceover with Music Composition

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In wet soil, the willow is ludicrously easy to grow; cut a stem, pop it in wet ground and &hellip; er ... that&rsquo;s it. By a riverbank, the willow&rsquo;s mass of tangled roots prevent erosion and provide shelter for wildlife.

willow make-up

In English, &lsquo;willowy&rsquo; can be used to describe anything particularly slender and flexible. Since prehistoric times, thin willow stems, or &lsquo;osiers&rsquo;, have been woven into baskets and boat frames, fences and fish traps. Osier-beds once stretched along the banks of European waterways to supply the trade. Wicker takes its name from the Swedish word for willow, and strong, light, wickerwork is used for traditional hampers and even for the baskets carrying passengers under hot-air balloons.
A recent trend for organic artworks &ndash; sculptures and even furniture woven from the stems and branches of living willows &ndash; can feel quite magical, which is just right for a plant that has had long association with superstition.

origins

One willow variety, the &lsquo;weeping&rsquo; willow &ndash; got its name from a mistranslation of Psalm 137: &lsquo;By the rivers of Babylon, There, we sat down and wept, When we remembered Zion, Upon the willows in the midst, We hung our harps.&rsquo; The tree in question was probably the Euphrates poplar, not a willow but the association between drooping willows and sorrow stuck. Throughout Europe in the middle-ages, mourners wore a wreath or hat from willow and eventually the gloomy connotations also came to include a lover's rejection.

the weeping willow

Superstition has created a link between willow and sadness, but it has a connection with pain that is based on good chemistry. Ancient Egyptians were already using willow to treat fever and headaches and in about 400 BC, Hippocrates prescribed willow bark for rheumatism. We now know that willow bark contains the plant hormone salicylic acid.
In the mid-19th century, salicylic acid was finally isolated and turned into what is now a ubiquitous treatment for fevers and frets, consumed in about 100 billion pills a year. That drug is aspirin.

willow and sadness

Want to delve deeper into the world of trees and plants?
Check out author Jon Drori's beautifully illustrated works,&nbsp;Around the World in 80 Trees&nbsp;and&nbsp;Around the World in 80 Plants&nbsp;- intertwining botany with history, culture and folklore. Both are available from all booksellers or&nbsp;<a href="https://bit.ly/JonDroriBooks">via Jon&rsquo;s website</a>. Jon has very kindly offered a 25% discount with the voucher code 80JONDRORI.
Listen to Salix Babylonica, original music by Fizz Margereson, alongside spoken text by Jon Drori created in response to the Willow, Iconic Plant and commissioned especially for PoliNations. Narration by Jade Samuels. To listen to the music by itself. click the link further up the page.&nbsp;
Illustrations by Lucille Clerc.

Iconic Plant Amaranth Voiceover with Music Composition

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Amaranth was domesticated more than five thousand years ago in central America and the Andes. Drought and disease resistant, the plant became a staple food of the Inca and Aztec empires, cultivated using a sophisticated infrastructure of irrigation canals and terracing.

It is an agreeably scruffy plant &ndash; pendulous tassels hang in ragged clusters, each one bearing myriads of miniature maroon flowers. They are followed by prolific cream, gold or pink seeds, easily 50,000 to a plant, hardly bigger than pinheads and shaped like tiny flying saucers.
The seeds are nutritionally excellent &ndash; a complement to cereal grains, containing about a third more protein than wheat but also plenty of essential amino acids that wheat lacks, while at the same time having more fat and less starch.

The Amaranth make-up

Long before the Spanish conquest, tzoalli, a sticky dough of amaranth flour and agave syrup was ceremonially moulded into figures representing deities. The idols were eaten communally at religious feasts to ward off disease, for collective purification but especially, so that by ingesting the flesh of the gods, their force and essence would be imparted to believers.
To the invading Spaniards, these rites had an uncomfortable resonance with the Catholic tradition of Holy Communion and amaranth was outlawed. Conquistadors trampled and burned fields and even cut off the hands of people who continued to cultivate and consume the plant.

How the seeds travelled

In modern-day Mexico and Peru, amaranth cultivation is officially encouraged. This is promising. Nearly half of the world&rsquo;s food calories come from just three cereals &ndash; wheat, rice and maize, a situation which is bad for nutrition and biodiversity and promotes the spread of pests and diseases between plants concentrated in vast monocultures.
In South America, planting and eating amaranth is seen as a political as well as a nutritional act. For the rest of us, amaranth is exactly the kind of forgotten crop we should add to our diets.

Want to delve deeper into the world of trees and plants?
Check out author Jon Drori's beautifully illustrated works,&nbsp;Around the World in 80 Trees&nbsp;and&nbsp;Around the World in 80 Plants&nbsp;- intertwining botany with history, culture and folklore. Both are available from all booksellers or&nbsp;<a href="https://bit.ly/JonDroriBooks">via Jon&rsquo;s website</a>[<a href="https://bit.ly/JonDroriBooks">https://bit.ly/JonDroriBooks</a>]. Jon has very kindly offered a 25% discount with the voucher code 80JONDRORI.
Listen to original music by Sam Lee, alongside spoken text by Jon Drori created in response to the Amaranth, Iconic Plant and commissioned especially for PoliNations. Narration by Jade Samuels. To listen to the music by itself. click the link further up the page.&nbsp;
Illustrations by Lucille Clerc.

Iconic Plant Lavender Voiceover with Music Composition

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Lavender! Its name transports us to its native home in Spain, France and Italy. A low, bushy shrub, lavender&rsquo;s flowers, so popular with bees, are purple, blue or even greyish and borne on spikes rising above its foliage. Its cousins in the same mint family are rosemary and sage, thyme, hyssop and marjoram, which all have highly scented oils.
They add flavour to our food but have evolved in plants to protect them from insects and indeed, the flowers and stalks of lavender have been used for centuries as insect repellents. When our grandparents were children, lavender was so commonly sprinkled among clothes that its fresh scent would have been familiar to all. Now it has become associated with simpler times and by extension, with the memories and reminiscences of older people.&nbsp;

Lavender has been used in many cultures to promote sleep and relaxation, to reduce anxiety and as a treatment for depression. Various studies, including a large-scale one at the University of Vienna of people suffering from anxiety, showed that lavender had a pronounced effect and improved general mental health-related quality of life compared with conventional anti-depressants.
More studies are needed, but at the very least, lavender smells great and sniffing the oil or even chewing a few flowers are unlikely to make matters worse.

Across Cultures

Other than as an ornamental garden plant, lavender is commercially grown for its sweetly floral, herbaceous and refreshing essential oil, used in perfumes and cosmetics, traditional medicines and for aromatherapy. In a process that hasn&rsquo;t changed since the 16th century, lavender oil is extracted by steam-heating its stems and flower heads and then distilling the vapour.
The waste left behind has generally been used as compost but recently, food scientists in Bulgaria have discovered that lavender &lsquo;waste&rsquo; added to bread was enjoyed by consumers, added useful dietary fibre and handily extended its shelf life by a couple of days.

Lavender make-up

Want to delve deeper into the world of trees and plants?
Check out author Jon Drori's beautifully illustrated works,&nbsp;Around the World in 80 Trees&nbsp;and&nbsp;Around the World in 80 Plants&nbsp;- intertwining botany with history, culture and folklore. Both are available from all booksellers or&nbsp;<a href="https://bit.ly/JonDroriBooks">via Jon&rsquo;s website</a>. Jon has very kindly offered a 25% discount with the voucher code 80JONDRORI.
Listen to original music by Rosie Tee, alongside spoken text by Jon Drori created in response to Lavender, Iconic Plant and commissioned especially for PoliNations. Narration by Jade Samuels. To listen to the music by itself. click the link further up the page.&nbsp;

Iconic Plant Fern Voiceover with Music Composition

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In the 1840s, Victorian England became engulfed in &lsquo;fern-mania&rsquo;, an obsession that lasted half a century. Ferns appealed to Victorian sensibilities on many levels, not least that their reproductive methods appeared to be subtle and modest, with none of the brash sexuality of flowers and their need for birds and bees. Handily, ferns could flourish in the shadows of new housing in industrial cities, yet they were marketed as plants especially suitable for those of superior intelligence and discernment.&nbsp;

Fern-mania

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Ferns are an abundant feature of cool temperate forests and very ancient indeed. They first appeared 360 million years ago, long before the flowering plants, and even before bacteria and fungi had evolved to break down dead wood. So, for 50 million years or so, ferns and other primitive plants never decayed but were instead eventually covered over and squashed, turning into the coal that has fuelled the industrial age.
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Astoundingly, ferns reproduce by means of microscopic swimming sperm, which is why they need shade and moisture. Some species are enormous; the silver tree fern of New Zealand may grow to 10m, with an umbrella of gracefully arching fronds radiating from the centre &ndash; each one can be the length of a canoe.&nbsp;
They unfurl from pent-up, spirally wound fiddleheads that are represented by the koru &ndash; a common Maori design motif, symbolizing growth and renewal. The undersides of the leaves turn white or even silver as they mature; plucked and left shiny-side up at night along a forest track, they become bright moon-reflective way-markers.
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plant make-up

Fern collecting became a national hobby; wholesome and healthy. Fern appreciation societies proliferated, and collecting parties were popular social outings, where men and women could mix. Meanwhile however, professionals rapaciously scoured the countryside for rare ferns and hawked them door-to-door, driving some species to extinction while the desire for novelty turned attention to ferns from the Empire.
By 1860, once wild and dignified silver tree ferns from New Zealand were being torn up and touted in England as &lsquo;ideal garden ornaments&rsquo;, anticipating the trade in endangered species that does so much damage today. Only buy plants and seeds from reputable garden centres!

how ferns travelled

Want to delve deeper into the world of trees and plants?
Check out author Jon Drori's beautifully illustrated works,&nbsp;Around the World in 80 Trees&nbsp;and&nbsp;Around the World in 80 Plants&nbsp;- intertwining botany with history, culture and folklore. Both are available from all booksellers or&nbsp;<a href="https://bit.ly/JonDroriBooks">via Jon&rsquo;s website</a>. Jon has very kindly offered a 25% discount with the voucher code 80JONDRORI.
Listen to original music by My Panda Shall Fly, alongside spoken text by Jon Drori created in response to the Fern, Iconic Plant and commissioned especially for PoliNations. Narration by Jade Samuels. To listen to the music by itself. click the link further up the page.&nbsp;
Illustrations by Lucille Clerc.

Iconic Plant Tea Voiceover with Music Composition

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Caffeine is present in many plants. They use it to deter insects, and to disrupt the germination of other plants that might otherwise compete with them. In tiny quantities added to flower nectar, caffeine even seems to help bees to remember their way back to the flower. But caffeine is also a drug with strong effect on humans as a stimulant and aid to concentration. Most cultures use plants containing caffeine as a social lubricant.

No gathering in West Africa would be complete without kola nuts (which were the basis for cola drinks); the yaupon or &lsquo;Indian tea&rsquo; of southeast USA and yerba mat&eacute; of south America are both brewed from the dried leaves of caffeine-rich species of holly.
Coffee, made from the roasted beans of a dainty little tree that originated in Ethiopia, was popularised initially by Arab traders. And then&hellip; there is tea. Just the word is enough to make true addicts and aficionados, feel suddenly thirsty! Pleasingly astringent and slightly bitter, tea is grown-up and energising.

across cultures

Tea is made from the leaves of a shrub which probably originated in southwestern China and has been domesticated and drunk there for more than 2000 years. Green tea is made directly from the dried leaves, while black tea is made from leaves that have first been allowed to wilt and oxidise.

tea make-up

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Chinese tea became fashionable in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. Dry tea, which is very light in weight, was packed in the holds of ships together with cheap porcelain to act as ballast. The porcelain, or &lsquo;china&rsquo; as it became known, became a commodity in its own right, and its popularity inspired Josiah Wedgwood in the mid-18th century to establish his Staffordshire factory,&nbsp; which exported teapots and crockery all over the world.
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But China still had a hold over the tea itself. Spotting a business opportunity, the&nbsp;British <a title="East India Company" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company">East India Company</a>&nbsp;established a secret mission to smuggle tea plants out of China to break its monopoly. Those plants became the basis of the Indian tea industry; land was offered to any European who agreed to cultivate it for export. The price dropped and by the late 19th century tea had become a pick-me-up that everyone could afford.
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becoming fashionable in Europe

Want to delve deeper into the world of trees and plants?
Check out author Jon Drori's beautifully illustrated works,&nbsp;Around the World in 80 Trees&nbsp;and&nbsp;Around the World in 80 Plants&nbsp;- intertwining botany with history, culture and folklore. Both are available from all booksellers or&nbsp;<a href="https://bit.ly/JonDroriBooks">via Jon&rsquo;s website</a>. Jon has very kindly offered a 25% discount with the voucher code 80JONDRORI.
Click below to listen to original music by Rakae Jamil, alongside spoken text by Jon Drori created in response to Tea, Iconic Plant and commissioned especially for PoliNations. Narration by Jade Samuels. To listen to the music by itself. click the link further up the page.&nbsp;
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Iconic Plant Tulip Voiceover with Music Composition

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In the few wild species of tulip that have evolved to be pollinated by beetles rather than relying on the wind or other flying insects, the flowers are scarlet. Otherwise, they offer sunshine-yellow splashes of colour on the semi-arid hills of central Asia, from where migrating tribes brought them to present-day Turkey in the Middle Ages.
Some tulip petals have patches of microscopic ridges whose structure creates an iridescent halo of blue and ultraviolet light to which bees are especially sensitive but which we perceive only as a subtle shimmer around the very darkest cultivated varieties.
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Tulips take their name from the Turkish and Persian words for &lsquo;turban&rsquo;, whose shape is reminiscent of the flower&rsquo;s bud. Representing shared cultural identity, tulips signify feminine beauty, perfection and paradise in Turkish poetry, and the form with pointed petals appears as a common motif in art, architecture and Islamic tiling.

By the late-16th century, tulips had reached the Netherlands and plant breeders set about creating gaudy hybrids, some of them infected with plant viruses that caused elaborate streaking on the petals. In the context of wealthy Dutch merchants looking for investment opportunities and the ability to show off their wealth, the combination of rarity and public interest led to &lsquo;tulip mania&rsquo;. In the first &lsquo;asset bubble&rsquo; of its kind, tulip bulbs changed hands for increasingly ridiculous sums until in 1637, after a three-year speculative frenzy of risk and greed now taught to every student of economics, the bubble burst.

Tulip Mania

Tulip cultivation is still centred in the Netherlands, where intensive farming stamps the land with splendid blocks of colour but presents a dining opportunity for insects and fungi that is held in check only by epic application of agricultural chemicals.

Bearing Fruit

Want to delve deeper into the world of trees and plants?
Check out author Jon Drori's beautifully illustrated works,&nbsp;Around the World in 80 Trees&nbsp;and&nbsp;Around the World in 80 Plants&nbsp;- intertwining botany with history, culture and folklore. Both are available from all booksellers or&nbsp;<a href="https://bit.ly/JonDroriBooks">via Jon&rsquo;s website</a>. Jon has very kindly offered a 25% discount with the voucher code 80JONDRORI.
Click below to listen to original music by Rakae Jamil, alongside spoken text by Jon Drori created in response to the Tulip, Iconic Plant and commissioned especially for PoliNations. Narration by Jade Samuels. To listen to the music by itself. click the link further up the page.&nbsp;
Illustration by Lucille Clerc.

Iconic Plant Rose Voiceover with Music Composition

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Flowers send signals to various creatures, but for a long time the rose has been used by human beings to signal to each other. Roses entwined the triumphal banners of Roman armies and Emperor Nero had swaggering banquets so jammed with blossoms that the scent was overwhelming.
The Egyptian Queen Cleopatra adorned herself with rose-scented olive oil as a tool for seduction and today, strewing rose petals around the bride and groom is a reminder of amorous delights in many cultures. [Associated with the Greek god of silence, roses were painted onto ceilings above Roman diners and hung over royal diplomatic meetings in the middle-ages, signifying secrecy. Today, the Scottish government bills off-the-record political gatherings as sub rosa.]

Roses have a particularly close connection with Islam. By tradition, roses sprang from beads of sweat of the prophet Mohammed and from the 16th century they were a favourite in gardens across the Mughal empire, which were modelled on Persian horticulture and design. They are still a focus of national pride in Iran, where they are celebrated in rose festivals and where, along with the USA, UK and ten other countries, it is the national flower.

connections

The tall, open bushes of the stunningly fragrant, pink Damask rose, grown in Bulgaria, Turkey and central Iran, are the main source of flavourings and scent. Rose water, produced in quantity by boiling petals in water and condensing the vapour, is used liberally in regional confectionery such as rahat lokum (Turkish delight) and the less cloying, pistachio-laden Iranian rahaat.
However, attar, the fabulously concentrated oil of roses coveted by perfumiers, requires herculean effort to produce. Seven thousand blooms gathered at their early-morning peak and distilled the same day yield just a teaspoonful of oil, yet worth a king&rsquo;s ransom.

the rose make-up

The engulfing scent and voluptuous splendour, especially of red roses, have woven them with love and romance. When the Scottish poet Robbie Burns wrote, &ldquo;My love is like a red, red rose&rdquo;, his simile would have been equally familiar in Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and India. White roses for purity and innocence; pink for trust and happiness; the meanings are similar in most cultures.
However, yellow roses which signify friendship and joy in Europe and North America are still sometimes associated with jealousy in East Asia. While the flavour of rose desserts teeters between transcendent bliss and the sensation of eating soap, there is no doubt that the world needs more of the love that red roses universally signify.

Want to delve deeper into the world of trees and plants?
Check out author Jon Drori's beautifully illustrated works,&nbsp;Around the World in 80 Trees&nbsp;and&nbsp;Around the World in 80 Plants&nbsp;- intertwining botany with history, culture and folklore. Both are available from all booksellers or&nbsp;<a href="https://bit.ly/JonDroriBooks">via Jon&rsquo;s website</a>. Jon has very kindly offered a 25% discount with the voucher code 80JONDRORI.
Lick below to listen to original music by Tingying Dong, alongside spoken text by Jon Drori created in response to the Rose, Iconic Plant and commissioned especially for PoliNations. Narration by Jade Samuels. To listen to the music by itself. click the link further up the page.&nbsp;
Illustration by Lucille Clerc.

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